Izinga lokukhula kwe-China lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili zalo nyaka linciphile uma liqhathaniswa neminyaka edlule.Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezici eziningi ezifana nenqubomgomo yaseShayina ethi “zero” yokuvikela nokulawula ubhubhane, isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, kanye nesidingo esibuthakathaka saphesheya kwezilwandle, ukukhula kohwebo lwangaphandle kweChina kwehle kakhulu ngo-Agasti.Kodwa-ke, imboni ye-photovoltaic izuze imiphumela evelele ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe.
Ngokusho kwedatha yamasiko aseShayina, ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili zokuqala zalo nyaka, ukuthunyelwa kwe-solar cell yaseChina kukhuphuke kakhulu ngo-91.2% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule, lapho ukuthunyelwa kwe-Europe kukhuphuke ngo-138%.Ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo yamandla eYurophu ngenxa yempi yase-Ukraine, isidingo semboni ye-photovoltaic eYurophu sinamandla, futhi intengo ye-polysilicon, impahla eluhlaza yokukhiqiza.amaphaneli elanga, nayo iqhubekile ikhuphuka.
Imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseShayina ikhule ngokushesha eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, futhi isikhungo sokukhiqiza amamojula we-photovoltaic emhlabeni wonke sidlulisiwe sisuka eYurophu nase-United States sayiswa e-China.Njengamanje, i-China iyizwe elikhulu kunazo zonke embonini ye-photovoltaic emhlabeni, i-Europe iyindawo eyinhloko yokuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo ye-photovoltaic yaseChina, futhi amazwe asafufusa njenge-India neBrazil nawo anesidingo esinamandla semakethe.Amazwe aseYurophu anomthamo olinganiselwe wokukhiqiza, futhi ukuncika emikhiqizweni yaseShayina ye-photovoltaic ohlelweni lokuguqulwa kwamandla kufakwe ku-ajenda ye-EU, futhi isimemo sokubuya kwemboni yokukhiqiza ye-photovoltaic yaseYurophu nayo iye yavela.
Ukwenyuka kwezintengo zamandla okubangwe yinkinga yase-Ukraine kubangele i-Europe ukuthi icabangele ukuhlukahluka kwemithombo yamandla.Abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi inkinga yamandla iyithuba lokuthi iYurophu isheshise inqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla.I-Europe ihlela ukuyeka ukusebenzisa igesi yemvelo yaseRussia ngo-2030, futhi ngaphezu kwe-40% kagesi wayo izovela emithonjeni evuselelekayo.Amazwe angamalungu e-EU asebenzela ukukhulisa isabelo semakethe samandla elanga nawomoya, okuwenza abe umthombo obalulekile kagesi wesikhathi esizayo.
UFang Sichun, ongumhlaziyi embonini ye-photovoltaic consulting firm, i-InfoLink, uthe: “Intengo kagesi ephezulu ithinte abantu baseYurophu.izimboni ze-photovoltaicukumisa ukukhiqiza kanye nokunciphisa umthamo womthwalo, futhi izinga lokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-photovoltaic supply chain alikafinyeleli ekukhiqizeni okuphelele.Ukuze kubhekwane nesimo esibucayi esikhona, iYurophu nayo inalo nyaka.Isidingo sama-photovoltaics sinethemba elikhulu, futhi i-InfoLink ilinganisela isidingo samamojula we-photovoltaic eYurophu kulo nyaka.
Ngokusho kukaProfesa Karen Pittel we-German ifo Institute for Economic Research kanye neLeibniz Institute for Economic Research yaseNyuvesi yaseMunich, ngemva kokugqashuka kwempi yase-Ukraine, ukwamukela komphakathi amandla avuselelekayo kuye kwanda futhi, okungagcini nje ngokuhlobene izici zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa futhi kuhilela indaba yokuphepha kwamandla.UKaren Pieter uthe: “Lapho abantu becabanga ngokusheshisa ukushintshwa kwamandla, bazocabangela ubuhle nobubi bawo.Izinzuzo ukwamukelwa okuphezulu, ukuncintisana okungcono, futhi i-EU ikugcizelele kakhulu.Isibonelo, iJalimane isheshisa ukudalwa kwezimo (imikhiqizo ye-photovoltaic) Inqubo yokufaka isicelo iyashesha.Kukhona ngempela izithiyo, ikakhulukazi izici zezimali ezitholakala ngezikhathi zobunzima, kanye nodaba lokwamukelwa komphakathi ukwamukelwa komuntu ngamunye kokufaka izinsiza ezindlini zabo. ”
UKaren Pieter ukhulume ngesigameko saseJalimane, esifana nabantu abamukela umqondo wamandla omoya, kodwa abangathandi iqiniso lokuthi izitshalo zamandla omoya ziseduze nemizi yabo.Futhi, lapho abantu bengayazi imbuyiselo yesikhathi esizayo, ukutshala izimali kungase kuqaphe kakhulu futhi kube manqikanqika.Kunjalo, amandla avuselelekayo anokuncintisana kakhulu lapho amandla kaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi eba eqolo.
I-Photovoltaic yaseChinaokuholayo jikelele
Wonke amazwe athuthukisa ngamandla amandla okukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic ukuze kuzuzwe okuhloswe ngakho ukunciphisa ukungcola.Njengamanje, umthamo wokukhiqiza we-photovoltaic womhlaba wonke ugxile kakhulu eChina.Ukuhlaziywa kukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzokwandisa ukuncika emikhiqizweni yaseShayina.Ngokombiko we-International Energy Organization, i-China isivele ibala ngaphezu kwe-80% yezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza ama-solar panel, futhi ezinye izingxenye eziyinhloko eziqondile kulindeleke ukuthi ziphendule ngaphezu kwe-95% ngo-2025. Idatha ibangele i-alamu phakathi kwabahlaziyi, abaveza ukuthi ijubane laseYurophu lokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-PV lihamba kancane kunelaseShayina.Ngokusho kwedatha ye-Eurostat, ama-75% amaphaneli elanga angeniswe e-EU ngo-2020 aqhamuka eChina.
Njengamanje, amandla e-China okukhiqiza amandla elanga namandla omoya okukhiqizwa kwemishini yomoya sekuhole imakethe yomhlaba wonke, futhi inokulawula okugcwele phezu kwe-supply chain.Ngokombiko we-International Energy Organization, kusukela ngo-2021, i-China inamaphesenti angama-79 omthamo wokukhiqiza we-polysilicon emhlabeni, ihlanganisa u-97% wokukhiqiza i-wafer yomhlaba wonke, futhi ikhiqiza u-85% wamaseli elanga omhlaba.Isidingo esihlanganisiwe samaphaneli elanga eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika sidlula ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesidingo somhlaba wonke, futhi lezi zifunda ezimbili zinesilinganiso esingaphansi kuka-3% ngasinye kuzo zonke izigaba zokwenziwa kwamaphaneli elanga langempela.
U-Alexander Brown, umcwaningi we-Mercator Institute of China eJalimane, uthe abaholi be-EU baphendule ngokushesha empini yase-Ukraine futhi baqala isu elisha lokubhekana nokuncika kwamandla eRussia, kodwa lokhu akuzange kubonise ukuthi amandla aseYurophu Ubuthakathaka obukhulu ekuvikelekeni, lapho i-European Union isungule uhlelo olubizwa nge-REPowerEU, okuhloswe ngalo ukufinyelela ku-320 GW wamandla okukhiqiza amandla elanga ngo-2025 futhi ikhuphuke iye ku-600 GW ngo-2030. Umthamo wamanje wokuphehlwa kwamandla elanga e-Europe yi-160 GW..
Izimakethe ezimbili ezinkulu zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika njengamanje zithembele kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo yaseShayina ye-photovoltaic, futhi amandla okukhiqiza asendaweni e-Europe asekude ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zawo.Amazwe ase-Europe naseNyakatho Melika aseqalile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuthembela emikhiqizweni yaseShayina akusona isixazululo sesikhathi eside, ngakho-ke afuna ngenkuthalo izixazululo zokwenziwa kwasendaweni kochungechunge lokunikezela .
U-Alexander Brown uveze ukuthi ukuthembela okukhulu kweYurophu emikhiqizweni ye-PV yaseShayina engenisiwe kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwezombangazwe eYurophu, okubhekwa njengengozi yokuphepha, nakuba kungeyona into esongela ingqalasizinda yaseYurophu njengosongo lwe-cybersecurity, i-China ingasebenzisa ama-solar panel njengendlela yokuhambisa iYurophu. .“Lokhu kuyingozi ngempela ye-supply chain, futhi ngokwezinga elithile, kuletha amanani aphezulu embonini yaseYurophu.Ngokuzayo, nganoma yisiphi isizathu, uma ukuthengwa kwempahla evela e-China kunqanyuliwe, kuzoletha amanani aphezulu ezinkampanini zase-Europe futhi kungase kwehlise ijubane Ukufakwa kokufakwa kwe-solar yaseYurophu”.
Ukugeleza kabusha kwe-PV yaseYurophu
Ebhala ku-PV Magazine, umagazini wemboni ye-photovoltaic, uJulius Sakalauskas, i-CEO yomkhiqizi wephaneli yelanga yaseLithuania i-SoliTek, uzwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuthembela okukhulu kweYurophu emikhiqizweni yaseShayina ye-PV.Le ndatshana iveze ukuthi ukungenisa okuvela eChina kungenzeka kuthintwa igagasi elisha lamagciwane nezinxushunxushu zezokuthutha, kanye nezingxabano zezepolitiki, njengoba iLithuania ihlangabezane nayo.
Lesi sihloko siveze ukuthi ukuqaliswa okuqondile kwesu le-EU lamandla elanga kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela.Akucaci ukuthi i-European Commission izokwaba kanjani izimali zokuthuthukiswa kwe-photovoltaics emazweni angamalungu.Kuphela ngosekelo lwezezimali oluncintisanayo lwesikhathi eside lokukhiqiza lapho imikhiqizo ye-photovoltaic yaseYurophu izolulama.Umthamo omkhulu wokukhiqiza uyenzeka ngokomnotho.I-EU ibeke umgomo wamasu wokwakha kabusha imboni ye-photovoltaic eYurophu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindleko, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwecebo lezomnotho.Izinkampani zaseYurophu azikwazi ukuncintisana nezinkampani zase-Asia ngentengo, futhi abakhiqizi badinga ukucabanga ngezixazululo zesikhathi eside ezizinzile nezintsha.
U-Alexander Brown ukholelwa ukuthi akunakugwenywa ukuthi iChina izobusa imakethe esikhathini esifushane, futhi iYurophu izoqhubeka nokungenisa inombolo enkulu eshibhile.Imikhiqizo yamaShayina ye-photovoltaic, ngenkathi isheshisa inqubo yokukhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo.Esikhathini esimaphakathi ukuya esikhathini eside, iYurophu inezinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuncika kwayo eChina, okuhlanganisa amandla okuzakhela aseYurophu kanye ne-European Union's European Solar Initiative.Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthi iYurophu izohlukaniswa ngokuphelele nabahlinzeki baseShayina, futhi okungenani izinga elithile lokuqina lingasungulwa, bese kusungulwa amanye amaketanga okuhlinzeka.
I-European Commission kuleli sonto ivume ngokusemthethweni ukwakhiwa kwe-Photovoltaic Industry Alliance, iqembu lababambe iqhaza abaningi elihlanganisa yonke imboni ye-PV, ngenhloso yokukhulisa ubuciko obusha.imikhiqizo ye-solar PVkanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amamojula, ukusheshisa ukuthunyelwa kwamandla elanga e-EU kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuqina kohlelo lwamandla e-EU.
UFang Sichun uthe imakethe iyaqhubeka nokuba nabakhiqizi abazoqoqa futhi baqonde amandla okunikezela phesheya angenziwanga eChina.“Izindleko zabasebenzi base-Europe, ugesi nezinye izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphezulu, futhi izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali zemishini yamaselula ziphezulu.Indlela yokunciphisa izindleko kusazoba uvivinyo olukhulu.Umgomo wenqubomgomo yaseYurophu ukwakha u-20 GW we-silicon wafer, iseli, namandla okukhiqiza amamojula eYurophu ngo-2025. Nokho, okwamanje, kunezinhlelo eziqondile zokunweba futhi bambalwa abakhiqizi asebeqalile ukuzisebenzisa, kanye nama-oda wangempela wemishini. abakabonwa.Uma ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya e-Europe kuzothuthuka, kusadingeka ukuthi ibone ukuthi i-European Union inazo yini izinqubomgomo zosekelo ezifanele esikhathini esizayo.”
Uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo ye-photovoltaic yaseYurophu, imikhiqizo yaseShayina inenzuzo yokuncintisana ngokuphelele ngentengo.U-Alexander Brown ukholelwa ukuthi i-automation kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu kungaqinisa ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yaseYurophu.“Ngicabanga ukuthi i-automation izoba yinto ebalulekile, futhi uma izikhungo zokukhiqiza e-Europe noma kwamanye amazwe zishintshashintsha kakhulu futhi zinezinga elanele, lokhu kuzonciphisa izinzuzo zaseChina mayelana nezindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi kanye nomnotho wezinga eliphezulu.Ukukhiqizwa kwamaShayina kwamamojula elanga nakho kuncike kakhulu kumathambo Amandla Amandla.Uma izindawo ezintsha zokukhiqiza kwamanye amazwe zingakhiqiza ama-solar panels kusuka kumandla avuselelekayo, lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhulu i-carbon footprint yabo, okuzoba inzuzo yokuncintisana.Lokhu kuzokhokha ezindleleni ezizayo ezethulwe yi-EU njengemingcele yekhabhoni I-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, ezojezisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephezulu kwemikhiqizo engenisiwe.”
U-Karen Pieter uthe izindleko zabasebenzi zokukhiqiza ama-solar panel eYurophu zehle kakhulu, okuzosiza ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwemboni ye-photovoltaic yaseYurophu.Ukubuyiselwa kwemboni ye-photovoltaic eYurophu kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuningi futhi kufanele kube nemali eyanele.Isigaba sokuqala somkhakha singadinga usekelo lwe-European Union notshalomali oluvela kwamanye amazwe.Ethatha iJalimane njengesibonelo, uKaren Pieter uthe izinkampani eziningi zaseJalimane ziqongelele ulwazi olwanele lwezobuchwepheshe nolwazi esikhathini esidlule, futhi izinkampani eziningi zavalwa ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu, kodwa ulwazi lobuchwepheshe lusekhona.
UKaren Pieter uthe izindleko zabasebenzi zehle cishe ngamaphesenti angama-90 kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, “Manje sisesikhathini lapho amaphaneli elanga kufanele athunyelwe e-China ayiswe eYurophu.Esikhathini esidlule izindleko zabasebenzi zazigcwele futhi izinto zokuhamba zazingabaluleki kangako, kodwa Ngokwesimo sokuhla kwezindleko zabasebenzi, ukuthwala impahla kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili, okuyisihluthulelo sokuncintisana.”
U-Alexander Brown uthe iYurophu ne-United States zinezinzuzo eziqinile ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni.I-Europe, i-United States ne-Japan ingabambisana ne-China ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo emisha esebenza kahle futhi evumelana nemvelo.Yebo, ohulumeni baseYurophu bangakwazi futhi ukuvikela iYurophu uma befuna ukuncintisana ezingeni lobuchwepheshe.ibhizinisi noma ukunikeza ukwesekwa.
Umbiko we-InfoLink, i-photovoltaic industry consultancy, uveze ukuthi kunezisusa zabakhiqizi base-Europe ukuthi bakhulise umkhiqizo e-Europe, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa umthamo omkhulu wezimakethe zaseYurophu, inqubomgomo ye-EU yokusekela intuthuko yasendaweni, kanye nokwamukelwa kwamanani entengo emakethe aphezulu.Ukuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo kusenethuba lokuba umdondoshiya wokukhiqiza we-photovoltaic.
UFang Sichun uthe okwamanje ayikho inqubomgomo ethize yokukhuthaza abantu eYurophu, kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi uxhaso lwale nqubomgomo luzonikeza abakhiqizi ugqozi lokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokwandisa ukukhiqizwa okuhlobene, futhi ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha nakho kungaba yithuba kubakhiqizi ukuthi dlula emakhoneni.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlinzekwa okungaphelele kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zaphesheya kwezilwandle, amanani entengo kagesi aphezulu, ukwehla kwamandla emali kanye namazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali kuzohlala kuyizinkathazo ezifihliwe esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kweImboni ye-PV yaseChina
Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseChina yayisencane, futhi imikhiqizo yaseChina ye-photovoltaic yayiyingxenye encane kakhulu yemakethe yomhlaba wonke.Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, imboni ye-photovoltaic yomhlaba ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu.Imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseShayina yaqala ukuthola isigaba sokukhula okunonya.Ngo-2008, imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseShayina Umthamo wokukhiqiza usuvele udlule iJalimane, ukleliswe kuqala emhlabeni, futhi amandla okukhiqiza ahlanganisa cishe ingxenye yomhlaba.Ngokusabalala kwenhlekelele yezomnotho emhlabeni wonke ngo-2008, izinkampani zaseShayina ze-photovoltaic nazo zibe nomthelela.Umkhandlu Wesifunda WaseShayina ubhale imboni ye-photovoltaic njengemboni enamandla amakhulu ngo-2009. Kusukela ngo-2011, umnotho omkhulu emhlabeni njenge-United States, i-European Union, i-Japan, ne-India yethule uphenyo olumelene nokulahla nokulwa noxhaso lwe-photovoltaic yaseChina. imboni.Imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseChina iwele esikhathini sokudideka.ukuqothuka.
Uhulumeni waseShayina uye wasekela futhi waxhasa imboni ye-photovoltaic iminyaka eminingi.Esikhathini sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-photovoltaic, ohulumeni basekhaya bakhiphe izinqubomgomo ezithandwayo ezikhangayo kanye nemibandela yokubolekwa kwamaphrojekthi we-photovoltaic lapho beheha ukutshalwa kwezimali ngenxa yezimpumelelo zabo zezombangazwe.Izifunda zomfula iYangtze Delta njengeJiangsu neZhejiang.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkinga yokungcola okubangelwa ukukhiqizwa kwamapaneli elanga iye yabangela imibhikisho emikhulu yabahlali.
Ngo-2013, uMkhandlu Wombuso waseShayina wakhipha inqubomgomo yoxhaso lokukhiqiza ugesi we-photovoltaic, futhi amandla okukhiqiza amandla kagesi e-photovoltaic aseShayina afakwe e-China akhuphuke asuka ku-19 million kilowatts ngo-2013 aya cishe kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-310 ngo-2021. Uhulumeni wase-China waqala ukuqeda uxhaso lwama-photovoltaics kanye amandla omoya kusukela ngo-2021.
Ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezikhuthazayo ezikhishwe uhulumeni waseShayina kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kweimboni ye-photovoltaic, izindleko ezimaphakathi zemboni yomhlaba wonke yokukhiqiza i-photovoltaic yehle ngo-80% eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, okuye kwaholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwamandla okukhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kwe-photovoltaic.I-Europe iphansi ngo-35%, iphansi ngo-20% kune-US, futhi ingaphansi ngo-10% kune-India.
I-United States, i-European Union kanye ne-China banezinjongo ezibekiwe zokulawula ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo baze bafinyelele ekungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon.Abaphathi be-Biden bahlose ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga ukuze kufezwe umgomo wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.Umgomo obekwe uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi ngo-2035, wonke ugesi e-United States uzohlinzekwa ngamandla elanga, umoya kanye ne-nuclear, ngaphandle kokukhipha i-zero.E-EU, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kudlule izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi okokuqala ngqa ngo-2020, futhi i-EU izophinde yandise isabelo semakethe samandla avuselelekayo, ngamandla elanga nawomoya okuyiwona okuhloswe ngawo okuyinhloko.I-European Commission ihlongoza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngo-50% ngo-2030 futhi kuzuze ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2050. I-China iphakamisa ukuthi ngo-2030, ingxenye yamandla angewona ama-fossil ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuqala izofinyelela cishe ku-25%, inani eliphelele elifakiwe lomoya. amandla namandla elanga azofinyelela ngaphezu kwama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.2, futhi ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon kuzofinyelelwa ngo-2060.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-28-2022