I-China isiphenduke umbuso womhlaba, kodwa kunempikiswano encane kakhulu mayelana nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kusho ukuthini.Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-China ithumela imodeli yayo yentuthuko futhi iphoqelela kwamanye amazwe.Kodwa izinkampani zaseShayina nazo zandisa ubukhona bazo ngokusebenzisana nabadlali bendawo kanye nezikhungo, zivumelanisa futhi zithathe izinhlobo zendawo nezendabuko, izinkambiso nezinqubo.
Ngenxa yeminyaka eminingi yoxhaso oluvela kwaFord Carnegie Foundation, isebenza ezifundeni eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba—i-Afrika, i-Asia Ephakathi, i-Latin America, iMpumalanga Ephakathi neNyakatho Afrika, iPacific, iNingizimu Asia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.Ngenhlanganisela yocwaningo kanye nemihlangano yamasu, iphrojekthi ihlola lezi zinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa ukuthi izinkampani zaseShayina zizivumelanisa kanjani nemithetho yendawo yezabasebenzi eLatin America, nokuthi amabhange aseShayina kanye nezimali zihlola kanjani izimali zendabuko zamaSulumane kanye nemikhiqizo yezikweletu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nase-Asia Ephakathi. .Abadlali baseMpumalanga, nabamaShayina basiza abasebenzi bendawo ukuthi bathuthukise amakhono abo e-Asia Emaphakathi.Lawa maqhinga aseShayina aguquguqukayo, ajwayelana futhi asebenze kumaqiniso asendaweni, awanakwa ikakhulukazi osopolitiki baseNtshonalanga.
Ekugcineni, le phrojekthi ihlose ukwandisa kakhulu ukuqonda nezingxoxo ngeqhaza leShayina emhlabeni futhi ikhiqize imibono emisha yezepolitiki.Lokhu kungase kuvumele abalingisi bendawo ukuthi bahambise kangcono amandla aseShayina ukuze basekele imiphakathi yabo kanye nezomnotho, banikeze izifundo zokusebenzelana kwaseNtshonalanga emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, kusize umphakathi wezombusazwe waseShayina ukuthi ufunde ezinhlobonhlobo zokufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamaShayina, futhi mhlawumbe kuncishiswe. ukungqubuzana.
Izingxoxo zebhizinisi phakathi kweBenin neChina zikhombisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zingabhekana kanjani nokuguquguquka kobudlelwano bebhizinisi eChina nase-Afrika.E-Benin, izikhulu zaseShayina nezendawo zahlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezithatha isikhathi eside mayelana nesivumelwano sokusungula isikhungo sezohwebo okuhloswe ngaso ukujulisa ubudlelwano bebhizinisi phakathi kosomabhizinisi baseShayina nabaseBenin.Isendaweni ekahle e-Cotonou, idolobha elikhulu lezomnotho laseBenin, lesi sikhungo sihlose ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nebhizinisi elithengiswayo, elisebenza njengesikhungo sobudlelwano bebhizinisi lamaShayina hhayi eBenin kuphela, kodwa futhi esifundeni saseNtshonalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi esifundeni esikhulu nesikhulayo. yemakethe engomakhelwane yaseNigeria.
Lesi sihloko sisekelwe ocwaningweni lwangempela kanye nomsebenzi owenziwa e-Benin kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2021, kanye nemibhalo kanye nezinkontileka zokugcina okuxoxwe ngazo ngababhali, okuvumela ukuhlaziywa kombhalo okuqhathanisayo okuhambisanayo, kanye nezingxoxo zangaphambi kwenkundla kanye nokulandelwa.-phezulu.Izingxoxo nabaxoxisana abahamba phambili, osomabhizinisi baseBenine kanye nabafundi bangaphambili baseBeninese eChina.Lo mbhalo ukhombisa ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseShayina nezaseBenin zaxoxisana kanjani ngokusungulwa kwalesi sikhungo, ikakhulukazi ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseBenin zajwayela kanjani izingxoxo zaseShayina ukuze zivumelane nemithetho yendawo yaseBenin yezabasebenzi, ezokwakha kanye nezomthetho futhi zafaka ingcindezi kozakwabo baseShayina.
Leli qhinga lalisho ukuthi izingxoxo zithathe isikhathi eside kunokujwayelekile.Ukubambisana phakathi kweShayina ne-Afrika kuvame ukubonakala ngezingxoxo ezisheshayo, indlela ebonakale iyingozi kwezinye izimo njengoba ingaholela emibhalweni engacacile nengalungile enkontilekeni yokugcina.Izingxoxo eBenin China Business Centre ziyisibonelo esihle sokuthi abaxoxisana abasebenzisana kahle bangathatha kanjani isikhathi sokusebenzisana neminyango ehlukahlukene kahulumeni futhi bangasiza ekuzuzeni imiphumela engcono mayelana nengqalasizinda yezinga eliphezulu nokuhambisana nesakhiwo esikhona, abasebenzi, ezemvelo. kanye nemithetho yebhizinisi.kanye nokugcina ubudlelwano obuhle bamazwe amabili neChina.
Izifundo zobudlelwano bezentengiselwano phakathi kwabadlali baseShayina nabase-Afrika okungezona ezombuso, njengabathengisi, abathengisi nabathengisi, ngokuvamile bagxila endleleni izinkampani zaseShayina nabafuduki abangenisa ngayo impahla nezimpahla futhi baqhudelane namabhizinisi endawo ase-Afrika.Kodwa kuneqoqo “elihambisanayo” lobudlelwano bebhizinisi baseSino-Afrika ngoba, njengoba uGiles Mohan kanye noBen Lambert bakubeka, “ohulumeni abaningi base-Afrika babona i-China njengongabambisene nabo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kanye nokuba semthethweni kombuso.bheka iShayina njengomthombo owusizo wezinsiza zokuthuthukisa abantu kanye nebhizinisi.”1 Ubukhona bezimpahla zamaShayina e-Afrika nakho kuyakhula, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi abathengisi base-Afrika bathenga izimpahla eChina ezithengiswa emazweni ase-Afrika.
Lobu budlelwano bebhizinisi, ikakhulukazi ezweni laseNtshonalanga Afrika iBenin, buyafundisa kakhulu.Maphakathi nawo-2000, abaphathi bendawo eShayina naseBenin baxoxisana ngokusungulwa kwesikhungo sezomnotho nentuthuko (esaziwa endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi isikhungo sezohwebo) okuhloswe ngaso ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano bezomnotho nezohwebo phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano ezimbili ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsiza eziningi zohwebo, imisebenzi. .ukuthuthukiswa nezinye izinsiza ezihlobene.Lesi Sikhungo siphinde sifune ukusiza ukwenza ubudlelwano bebhizinisi bube semthethweni phakathi kweBenin neChina, iningi labo obungahlelekile noma obungekho emthethweni.Njengoba sisendaweni ekahle eCotonou, isikhungo esikhulu sezomnotho saseBenin, eduze kwechweba elikhulu ledolobha, lesi sikhungo sihlose ukusebenzela amabhizinisi aseShayina eBenin nakulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe ezinkulu nezikhulayo zamazwe angomakhelwane.Ukukhuthaza ukukhula kokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nebhizinisi lamawholesale.eNigeria.
Lo mbiko uhlola ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseShayina nezaseBenin zaxoxisana kanjani ngemibandela yokuvulwa kweSikhungo futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseBenin zazivumelanisa kanjani nezingxoxo zaseShayina emsebenzini wendawo, ukwakhiwa, izindinganiso zomthetho kanye nemithethonqubo yaseBenin.Izingxoxo zaseChina zikholelwa ukuthi izingxoxo ezinde kunokuvamile zivumela izikhulu zaseBenin ukuthi zisebenzise imithetho ngempumelelo.Lokhu kuhlaziywa kubheka ukuthi izingxoxo ezinjalo zisebenza kanjani emhlabeni wangempela, lapho abantu base-Afrika bengenayo nje inkululeko enkulu yokuzikhethela, kodwa futhi bayisebenzisela ithonya elibalulekile, naphezu kwe-asymmetry ebuhlotsheni neChina.
Abaholi bamabhizinisi base-Afrika badlala indima ebalulekile ekujuleni nasekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwano bezomnotho phakathi kweBenin neChina, baqinisekise ukuthi izinkampani zaseShayina akuzona zodwa ezihlomula ngokubamba iqhaza kwazo ezwenikazi.Icala lalesi sikhungo sebhizinisi linikeza izifundo ezibalulekile kubaxoxisana base-Afrika ababambe iqhaza ekuxoxisaneni nezivumelwano zezohwebo nengqalasizinda ehlobene neChina.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuhwebelana nokutshalwa kwezimali phakathi kwe-Afrika neChina kukhule kakhulu.Kusukela ngowezi-2009, i-China ibe nguphathina omkhulu we-Afrika wokuhwebelana namazwe amabili.3 Ngokombiko wakamuva Wokutshalwa Kwezimali Womhlaba WeNgqungquthela YeZizwe Ezihlangene (i-UN) Yezohwebo Nentuthuko, i-China ingumtshali zimali wesine ngobukhulu e-Afrika (ngokwe-FDI) ilandela i-Netherlands, i-UK ne-France ngo-20194. $35 billion ngo-2019. kuya ku-$44 billion ngo-2019. 5
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhuphuka kohwebo olusemthethweni kanye nokugeleza kokutshalwa kwezimali akubonisi ngempela izinga, amandla kanye nesivinini sokukhulisa ubuhlobo bomnotho phakathi kweChina ne-Afrika.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ohulumeni kanye nezinkampani zikahulumeni (ama-SOE), abavame ukuthola ukunakwa kwabezindaba ngendlela engalingani, akubona bodwa abadlali abashayela lezi zitayela.Eqinisweni, abadlali abaya ngokuya beyinkimbinkimbi ebudlelwaneni bebhizinisi baseSino-Afrika bahlanganisa inani elikhulu labadlali abazimele baseShayina nabase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi ama-SME.Basebenza emnothweni ohlelekile ohlelekile kanye nasezilungiselelweni ezingahlelekile noma ezingakahleleki.Ingxenye yenhloso yokusungula izikhungo zebhizinisi zikahulumeni ukwenza lula nokulawula lobu budlelwano bebhizinisi.
Njengamanye amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika, umnotho waseBenin ubonakala ngomkhakha oqinile ongekho emthethweni.Kusukela ngo-2014, cishe izisebenzi eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyishumi e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara “zazisemisebenzini esengozini,” ngokwe-International Labor Organization.6 Kodwa-ke, ngokocwaningo lwe-International Monetary Fund (IMF), umsebenzi wezomnotho ongekho emthethweni uvame ukukhawulela kakhulu intela emazweni asathuthuka, iningi lawo adinga isisekelo sentela esizinzile.Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ohulumeni bala mazwe banentshisekelo yokulinganisa ubukhulu bemisebenzi yezomnotho engakahleleki ngokunembe kakhudlwana kanye nokufunda indlela yokuthutha umkhiqizo usuka emkhakheni ongakahleleki uwuyise emkhakheni osemthethweni.7 Sengiphetha, ababambiqhaza emnothweni osemthethweni nongekho emthethweni bajulisa ubudlelwano bebhizinisi phakathi kwe-Afrika neChina.Ukubandakanya nje indima kahulumeni akuchazi lolu chungechunge lwezenzo.
Isibonelo, ngaphezu kwezinkampani ezinkulu zikahulumeni waseShayina ezisebenza e-Afrika ezindaweni ezisukela kwezokwakha namandla kuya kwezolimo kanye nowoyela negesi, baningi abanye ababambiqhaza ababalulekile.Ama-SOE wezifundazwe zaseShayina nawo ayisici, nakuba engenawo amalungelo nezintshisakalo ezifanayo nama-SOE amakhulu angaphansi kwamandla eziphathimandla ezimaphakathi e-Beijing, ikakhulukazi Ikhomishana YoMkhandlu Wombuso Wokuqondisa Nokuphathwa Kwempahla Yombuso.Kodwa-ke, laba badlali bezifundazwe baya ngokuya bezuza isabelo semakethe ezimbonini ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zase-Afrika njengezimayini, ezemithi, uwoyela kanye nezokuxhumana ngomakhalekhukhwini.8 Kulezi zinkampani zesifundazwe, ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kwakuyindlela yokugwema ukuncintisana okukhulayo okuvela kuma-SOE amakhulu emakethe yasekhaya yaseShayina, kodwa ukungena ezimakethe zaphesheya kwezilwandle kuyindlela yokukhulisa ibhizinisi labo.Lezi zinkampani zikahulumeni zivame ukusebenza ngokuzimele, ngaphandle kokuhlela okumaphakathi okugunyazwe yiBeijing.9
Bakhona nabanye abalingisi ababalulekile.Ngaphezu kwezinkampani zikahulumeni waseShayina emazingeni amaphakathi nezifundazwe, amanethiwekhi amakhulu ezinkampani ezizimele zaseShayina nawo asebenza e-Afrika ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi omhlaba angahlelekile noma angahlelekile.ENtshonalanga Afrika, eziningi zidalwe kuso sonke isifunda, kanti ezinye eziningi emazweni anjengeGhana, iMali, iNigeria neSenegal.10 Lezi zinkampani ezizimele zaseShayina zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bezohwebo phakathi kweChina ne-Afrika.Kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bezinkampani ezihilelekile, ukuhlaziya okuningi nokuphawula kuvame ukugqamisa indima yalaba badlali baseShayina, kuhlanganise nezinkampani ezizimele.Kodwa-ke, umkhakha ozimele wase-Afrika nawo ujulisa inethiwekhi yobudlelwano bezentengiselwano phakathi kwamazwe abo neChina.
Izimpahla zamaShayina, ikakhulukazi izindwangu, ifenisha kanye nezimpahla zabathengi, zitholakala yonke indawo ezimakethe zasemadolobheni nasemakhaya ase-Afrika.Njengoba iShayina isibe ngumlingani omkhulu we-Afrika kwezohwebo, isabelo semakethe sale mikhiqizo manje sesidlule kancane kunemikhiqizo efanayo emazweni aseNtshonalanga.ishumi nanye
Abaholi bamabhizinisi base-Afrika benza umnikelo obalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kwezimpahla zamaShayina e-Afrika.Njengabangenisi kanye nabasabalalisi kuwo wonke amazinga ochungechunge olufanele lokuhlinzeka, bahlinzeka ngale mikhiqizo yabathengi abavela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe laseChina neHong Kong, bese bedlulela eCotonou (Benin), Lomé (Togo), Dakar (eSenegal) nase-Accra (e-Accra) Ghana), njll. 12 Badlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezohwebo oluya luminyene phakathi kweChina ne-Afrika.
Lesi simo sixhumene ngokomlando.Ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970, amanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika ngemuva kwenkululeko asungula ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana neqembu laseShayina elaliholwa yiCommunist Party, futhi izimpahla zaseChina zatheleka kuleli ngesikhathi uhlelo lwaseBeijing lwentuthuko yokusebenzelana phesheya luqala.Lezi zimpahla kudala zidayiswa ezimakethe zendawo futhi imali etholwayo iphinde isetshenziswe kumaphrojekthi okuthuthukiswa kwendawo.13
Kodwa ngaphandle kwamabhizinisi ase-Afrika, abanye abadlali base-Afrika abangekho ngaphansi kombuso nabo bayabandakanyeka kulokhu kuhwebelana kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi abafundi.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, lapho ubudlelwano bobuzwe baseShayina nohulumeni bamazwe amaningana aseNtshonalanga Afrika buholela ekunikezweni kwemifundaze kubafundi base-Afrika ukuze bayofunda eChina, abanye base-Afrika abaphothule lezi zinhlelo basungule amabhizinisi amancane athumela izimpahla zamaShayina emazweni abo ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukwehla kwamandla emali endaweni..ishumi nane
Kodwa ukwanda kokungeniswa kwezimpahla zaseShayina emazweni ase-Afrika kwezomnotho kube nomthelela onamandla ikakhulukazi e-Afrika ekhuluma isiFulentshi.Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuguquguquka kwenani lenguqulo yaseNtshonalanga Afrika ye-CFA franc (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi i-CFA franc), imali evamile yesifunda eyake yaxhunywa ku-franc yesiFulentshi (manje ekhokhwe ku-euro).1994 Ngemva kokwehliswa kwenani lika-franc woMphakathi ngesigamu, amanani entengo yezimpahla zabathengi baseYurophu ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lemali yaphindeka kabili, futhi izimpahla zabathengi baseShayina zaba nokuncintisana kakhulu.Osomabhizinisi abangu-15 baseShayina nabase-Afrika, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani ezintsha, bahlomule kulo mkhuba phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okuqhubeka nokujulisa ubudlelwano bezohwebo phakathi kweChina neNtshonalanga Afrika.Lezi zinguquko zisiza futhi imindeni yase-Afrika ukuthi inikeze abathengi base-Afrika uhla olubanzi lwemikhiqizo eyenziwe eShayina.Ekugcineni, lo mkhuba uye washeshisa izinga lokusetshenziswa eNtshonalanga Afrika namuhla.
Ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano bamabhizinisi phakathi kweChina nedlanzana lamazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika kukhombisa ukuthi osomabhizinisi base-Afrika bafuna imakethe yezimpahla ezivela eChina, ngoba bazazi kahle izimakethe zabo.U-Mohan noLampert baphawula ukuthi “osomabhizinisi baseGhana naseNigeria badlala indima eqondile ekukhuthazeni ubukhona baseShayina ngokuthenga izimpahla ezithengwayo, kanye nabalingani, abasebenzi, kanye nempahla enkulu evela eChina.”kuwo womabili amazwe.Elinye isu lokonga izindleko ukuqasha ochwepheshe baseShayina abazokwengamela ukufakwa kwemishini futhi baqeqeshe ochwepheshe bendawo ukuthi basebenzise, banakekele futhi balungise le mishini.Njengoba umcwaningi uMario Esteban aphawula, abanye abadlali base-Afrika “baqasha abasebenzi baseShayina ngenkuthalo…
Ngokwesibonelo, osomabhizinisi baseNigeria nabaholi bamabhizinisi baye bavula inxanxathela yezitolo iChinatown enhloko-dolobha yaseLagos ukuze abokufika baseChina babone iNigeria njengendawo yokwenza ibhizinisi.NgokukaMohan noLampert, inhloso yaleli bhizinisi “ukuxhumana nosomabhizinisi baseShayina ukuthi baqhubeke nokuvula amafekthri eLagos, ngaleyo ndlela kudaleke amathuba emisebenzi futhi basekele ukuthuthukiswa komnotho.”Inqubekelaphambili.Amanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika okuhlanganisa neBenin.
I-Benin, izwe elikhuluma isiFulentshi elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-12.1, iwumfanekiso omuhle walokhu kuguquguquka kwezentengiselwano okwandayo phakathi kweChina neNtshonalanga Afrika.19 Izwe (elaliyi-Dahomey phambilini) lathola inkululeko ku-France ngo-1960 futhi labe selintengantenga phakathi kokuqashelwa ngokobunxusa kwe-People's Republic of China kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseChina (Taiwan) kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970.I-Benin yaba yiPeople's Republic of China ngo-1972 ngaphansi kukaMongameli Mathieu Kerek, owasungula umbuso wobushiqela onezici zamakhomanisi nezenhlalakahle.Wazama ukufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kweShayina futhi alingise izakhi zaseShayina ekhaya.
Lobu budlelwano obusha obunenhlanhla neChina bavula imakethe yaseBenin ezimpahleni zamaShayina njengamabhayisikili nezindwangu zasePhoenix.Osomabhizinisi abangama-20 baseShayina basungula i-Textile Industry Association ngo-1985 edolobheni laseBenin iLokosa futhi bajoyina inkampani.Abathengisi baseBenin nabo baya eChina ukuyothenga ezinye izimpahla, okuhlanganisa amathoyizi neziqhumane, futhi bazibuyisele eBenin.21 Ngo-2000, ngaphansi kwe-Kreku, i-China yathatha indawo ye-France njengozakwethu omkhulu wezohwebo we-Benin.Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Benin ne-China baba ngcono kakhulu ngo-2004 ngenkathi i-China ithatha isikhundla se-EU, iqinisa ubuholi be-China njengozakwethu omkhulu wezwe wokuhwebelana (bona Ishadi 1).amashumi amabili nambili
Ngokungeziwe ebudlelwaneni obuseduze bezepolitiki, ukucatshangelwa kwezomnotho nakho kusiza ukuchaza lawa maphethini okuhweba awandisiwe.Izindleko eziphansi zezimpahla zaseShayina zenza izimpahla ezenziwe e-China zikhange kubahwebi base-Beninese naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu zokuthengiselana, okuhlanganisa ukuthunyelwa nezintela.23 I-China inikeza abathengisi baseBeninese inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo ezinhlotsheni zamanani ezehlukene futhi inikeza ukucubungula ama-visa okusheshayo kubathengisi base-Beninese, ngokungafani naseYurophu lapho ama-visa ebhizinisi endaweni ye-Schengen alungele abathengisi base-Beninese (nabanye base-Afrika) Okunzima ukukuthola.24 Ngenxa yalokho, iShayina isiphenduke umphakeli othandwayo ezinkampanini eziningi zaseBeninese.Eqinisweni, ngokwezingxoxo nosomabhizinisi baseBenin nabafundi bangaphambili eChina, ukuba lula okulinganiselwe kokwenza ibhizinisi neChina kuye kwaba nengxenye ekwandiseni imboni ezimele eBenin, okulethe abantu abaningi emsebenzini wezomnotho.25
Abafundi baseBenin nabo babambe iqhaza, basizakala ngokutholakala kalula kwama-visa abafundi, ukufunda isiShayina, nokusebenza njengabatoliki phakathi kosomabhizinisi baseBenin nabamaShayina (kuhlanganise nezinkampani zendwangu) phakathi kweChina nokubuya kweBenin.Ukuba khona kwalaba bahumushi bendawo baseBenine kwasiza ekususeni kancane imigoqo yolimi evame ukuba khona phakathi kozakwethu bebhizinisi baseShayina nabakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nase-Afrika.Abafundi baseBenine basebenze njengoxhumano phakathi kwamabhizinisi ase-Afrika nawaseShayina kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, lapho abaseBenine, ikakhulukazi abasesigabeni esiphakathi, beqala ukuthola imifundaze yokuyofunda eChina ngezinga elikhulu.26
Abafundi bayakwazi ukuthatha izindima ezinjalo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi iNxusa laseBenin eBeijing, ngokungafani neNxusa LaseShayina eBenin, ikakhulukazi lakhiwe amanxusa kanye nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe abaphethe kakhulu ezombangazwe futhi abahileleke kancane ebuhlotsheni bezentengiselwano.27 Ngenxa yalokho, abafundi abaningi base-Beninese baqashwa amabhizinisi endawo ukuze banikeze ngokungakahleleki izinsizakalo zokuhumusha nezamabhizinisi e-Benin, njengokuhlonza nokuhlola izimboni zaseShayina, ukusiza ukuvakashelwa kwezindawo, kanye nokwenza ukunakekelwa okufanele ezimpahleni ezithengwe e-China.Abafundi baseBenin bahlinzeka ngalezi zinsizakalo emadolobheni amaningi aseShayina ahlanganisa iFoshan, i-Guangzhou, iShantou, i-Shenzhen, i-Wenzhou, i-Xiamen ne-Yiwu, lapho inqwaba yosomabhizinisi base-Afrika befuna yonke into kusukela ezithuthuthu, izinto zikagesi nezinto zokwakha kuya kumaswidi namathoyizi.Abahlinzeki bezimpahla ezihlukahlukene.Lokhu kugcwala kwabafundi baseBenine sekwakhe amabhuloho phakathi kosomabhizinisi baseShayina nabanye osomabhizinisi abavela eNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa, okuhlanganisa iCôte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria kanye neTogo, ngokusho kwabafundi bakudala okukhulunywe nabo ngokwehlukana kulolu cwaningo.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990, ubudlelwano bezohwebo nezohwebo phakathi kweShayina neBenin babuhlelwe ngokuyinhloko ngezindlela ezimbili ezifanayo: ubudlelwano obusemthethweni nobusemthethweni bukahulumeni kanye nobudlelwano obungekho emthethweni bebhizinisi nebhizinisi noma ubudlelwano bebhizinisi nomthengi.Abaphenduli be-Benin National Council of Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Beninois) bathi izinkampani zase-Benin ezingabhalisiwe ne-Benin Chamber of Commerce and Industry zizuze kakhulu ekukhuleni kobudlelwane ne-China ngokuthenga okuqondile kwezinto zokwakha nezinye izimpahla.29 Lobu budlelwano obusafufusa phakathi komkhakha webhizinisi waseBenin kanye nabadlali baseShayina abasunguliwe buthuthukisiwe futhi kusukela iChina yaqala ukuxhasa amaphrojekthi amakhulu wengqalasizinda yohulumeni enhlokodolobha yezomnotho yaseBenin, iCotonou.Ukuthandwa kwale miklamo emikhulu yokwakha (izakhiwo zikahulumeni, izikhungo zomhlangano, njll.) kuye kwakhulisa isithakazelo sezinkampani zaseBenine ekuthengeni izinto zokwakha kubahlinzeki baseShayina.amashumi amathathu
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 eNtshonalanga Afrika, lokhu kuhweba okungakahleleki kanye nokungahlelekile kwahambisana nokusungulwa okukhulayo kwezikhungo zezohwebo zaseShayina, kuhlanganise naseBenin.Izikhungo zezentengiselwano eziqalwe abathengisi bendawo nazo ziye zavela emadolobheni amakhulu kwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika njengeNigeria.Lezi zindawo zisize imindeni namabhizinisi ase-Afrika ukuthi andise ikhono lawo lokuthenga izimpahla zaseShayina ngobuningi futhi zenze ohulumeni base-Afrika bakwazi ukuhlela kangcono futhi balawule lobu budlelwano bezentengiselwano, obuhlukaniswe ngokwendalo nobudlelwano obusemthethweni bezomnotho kanye nezokuxhumana.
I-Benin injalo.Uphinde wakha izikhungo ezintsha ukuze ahlele kangcono futhi alawule ubudlelwano bebhizinisi neChina.Isibonelo esingcono kakhulu i-Center Chinois de Développement Economique et Commercial au Benin, eyasungulwa ngo-2008 esifundeni samabhizinisi esikhulu sase-Gancy, e-Cotonou, eduze kwechweba.Lesi sikhungo, esaziwa nangokuthi yi-China Business Center Benin Center, sasungulwa njengengxenye yobudlelwano obusemthethweni phakathi kwala mazwe womabili.
Nakuba ukwakhiwa kungazange kuqedwe kwaze kwaba ngu-2008, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngesikhathi sobumongameli bukaKrekou, isivumelwano sokuqala sokusebenzisana sasayinwa eBeijing ngoJanuwari 1998, sikhuluma ngenhloso yokusungula isikhungo sebhizinisi saseShayina eBenin.31 Inhloso enkulu yalesi Sikhungo ukukhuthaza ukubambisana kwezomnotho nezamabhizinisi phakathi kwezinhlangano zaseShayina nezaseBenin.Lesi sikhungo sakhiwe endaweni engamamitha-skwele angama-9700 futhi sithatha indawo engamamitha-skwele angama-4000.Izindleko zokwakha zamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-6.3 zakhokhelwa iphakethe lezezimali elihlanganisiwe elihlelwe uhulumeni waseShayina kanye nesifundazwe iTeams International eNingbo, Zhejiang.Sekukonke, u-60% wezimali uvela ezibonelweni, kanti u-40% osele uxhaswe ngamaqembu aphesheya.32 Lesi Sikhungo sasungulwa ngaphansi kwesivumelwano se-Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) esihlanganisa isivumelwano sokuqashisa seminyaka engama-50 esivela kuHulumeni wase-Benin esiphethwe yi-Teams International, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ingqalasizinda izodluliselwa ekulawuleni i-Benin.33
Ekuqaleni iphakanyiswe ummeleli weNxusa LaseShayina eBenin, le phrojekthi yayihloselwe ukuba indawo okugxilwe kuyo amabhizinisi aseBenin anentshisekelo yokwenza ibhizinisi neChina.34 Ngokusho kwabo, isikhungo sebhizinisi sizohlinzeka abameleli bezinkampani zaseBeninese nezaseShayina inkundla emaphakathi yokwandisa uhwebo, okungagcina kuholele ekutheni amabhizinisi amaningi angahlelekile abhaliswe ngokusemthethweni ne-Beninese Chamber of Commerce and Industry.Kodwa ngaphandle kokuba isikhungo sebhizinisi esihlala endaweni eyodwa, lesi sikhungo samabhizinisi sizophinde sisebenze njengendawo yokuxhumanisa imisebenzi eyahlukene yokuthuthukisa ezohwebo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi.Ihlose ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukungenisa, ukuthekelisa, ukuthekelisa, ezokuthutha kanye nemisebenzi ye-franchise, ukuhlela imibukiso nemibukiso yezamabhizinisi yamazwe ngamazwe, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezithengiswayo zemikhiqizo yaseShayina, nokweluleka izinkampani zaseShayina ezinentshisekelo yokubhidela amaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni, amabhizinisi ezolimo namaphrojekthi ahlobene nesevisi.
Kodwa nakuba umlingisi waseShayina kungenzeka ukuthi uqhamuke nesikhungo sezohwebo, akuwona ukuphela kwendaba.Izingxoxo zithathe isikhathi eside kunalokho obekulindelwe njengoba umlingisi waseBenin ebeka lokho obekulindelwe, wazenzela ezakhe izimfuno futhi wacindezela izivumelwano ezinzima okufanele abadlali baseChina bazijwayeze.Uhambo lwasezindaweni, izingxoxo kanye nemibhalo esemqoka yangaphakathi kubeka inkundla yezingxoxo nokuthi abaphathi baseBenin bangenza kanjani njengabameleli futhi banxenxe abadlali baseShayina ukuthi bazivumelanise nezinkambiso zendawo kanye nemithetho yezohwebo, uma kubhekwa ubudlelwane bezwe obungalingani neChina enamandla.35
Ukubambisana kweSino-Afrika kuvame ukubonakala ngezingxoxo ezisheshayo, ukuphetha kanye nokuqaliswa kwezivumelwano.Abagxeki bathi le nqubo esheshayo iholele ekwehleni kwezinga lengqalasizinda.36 Ngokuphambene, izingxoxo zaseBenin zeSikhungo Sebhizinisi SaseShayina e-Cotonou zibonise ukuthi ithimba lezikhulu ezixhunywe kahle elivela ezinkonzweni ezihlukahlukene lingazuza kangakanani.Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapho bephusha izinkulumo ngokuphikelela ukuthi zehliswe.Xhumana nabamele iminyango ehlukahlukene kahulumeni, unikeze izixazululo zokudala ingqalasizinda esezingeni eliphezulu futhi uqinisekise ukuthotshelwa kwesakhiwo sendawo, izimiso zabasebenzi, ezemvelo kanye nezamabhizinisi namakhodi.
Ngo-April 2000, ummeleli waseShayina ovela eNingbo wafika eBenin futhi wamisa ihhovisi lomsebenzi wesikhungo sokwakha.Amaqembu aqale izingxoxo zokuqala.Uhlangothi lwase-Benin luhlanganisa abameleli abavela ku-Bureau Construction of the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Urban Planning (abaqokwe ukuhola ithimba likahulumeni lokuhlela amadolobha wase-Benin), uMnyango Wezangaphandle, Umnyango Wezokuhlela Nokuthuthukiswa, Umnyango Wezimboni kanye Ezohwebo kanye Nomnyango Wezomnotho Nezezimali.Ababambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni neChina bahlanganisa iNxusa LaseShayina eBenin, umqondisi weNingbo Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Bureau kanye nabamele ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe.37 NgoMashi 2002, elinye ithimba leNingbo lafika eBenin futhi lasayina imemorandamu noMnyango Wezimboni waseBenin.Ibhizinisi: Idokhumenti ikhombisa indawo yesikhungo sebhizinisi esizayo.38 NgoMbasa wezi-2004, uNgqongqoshe Wezohwebo Nezimboni wase-Benin wavakashela e-Ningbo futhi wasayina isivumelwano sokusebenzisana, eqala umzuliswano olandelayo wezingxoxo ezisemthethweni.39
Ngemuva kokuthi izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zesikhungo sebhizinisi seziqalile, abaxoxisana baseShayina bahambisa inkontileka ye-BOT esalungiswa kuhulumeni wase-Benin ngoFebhuwari 2006. 40 Kodwa ukubhekisisa lolu hlaka lokuqala kuyakhombisa.Ukuhlaziywa kwemibhalo yalolu hlaka lokuqala (ngesiFulentshi) kukhombisa ukuthi isikhundla sokuqala sabaxoxisana baseShayina (uhlangothi lwaseBenine olwazama ukusishintsha kamuva) sasiqukethe izinhlinzeko zenkontileka ezingacacile mayelana nokwakhiwa, ukusebenza nokudluliselwa kwesikhungo sebhizinisi saseShayina, kanye izinhlinzeko eziphathelene nempatho ekhethwayo kanye neziphakamiso zentela ezihlongozwayo.41
Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula amaphuzu ambalwa ahlobene nesigaba sokwakha kuphrojekthi yokuqala.Abanye bazocela iBenin ukuthi ithwale “izimali” ezithile ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi yimalini lezo zindleko.42 Uhlangothi lwaseShayina luphinde lwacela "ukulungiswa" emiholweni yabasebenzi baseBenine nabaseShayina kuphrojekthi, kodwa ayizange icacise inani lokulungiswa.43 Isigaba esihlongozwayo seShayina sidinga futhi ukuthi izifundo zokwenzeka kwangaphambili kanye nomthelela wemvelo. ucwaningo lwenziwe uhlangothi lwaseShayina kuphela, kuqashelwe ukuthi abamele izikhungo zocwaningo (amahhovisi ocwaningo) benza izifundo zomthelela.44 Amagama angacacile enkontileka nawo akanalo uhlelo lwesigaba sokwakha.Isibonelo, isigaba esisodwa sasho ngokujwayelekile ukuthi "i-China izohlinzeka ngempendulo ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yezifundo zobuchwepheshe", kodwa ayizange icacise ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka nini.45 Ngokufanayo, izindatshana ezisalungiswa azikhulumi ngezimiso zokuphepha zabasebenzi bendawo e-Benin.
Esigabeni esisalungiswa semisebenzi yalesi sikhungo, phakathi kwezinhlinzeko ezihlongozwe uhlangothi lwaseShayina, kukhona nezinhlinzeko ezijwayelekile nezingacacile.Abaxoxisana baseShayina bafuna ukuthi abaqhubi bebhizinisi baseShayina abasebenza esikhungweni sebhizinisi bavunyelwe ukuthengisa izimpahla ezithengiswayo nezithengisayo hhayi kuphela esikhungweni ngokwaso, kodwa nasezimakethe zendawo zaseBenin.46 Le mfuneko iphikisana nemigomo yokuqala yeSikhungo.Amabhizinisi ahlinzeka ngempahla edayiswayo amabhizinisi aseBenin angakwazi ukuyithenga e-China futhi adayise kabanzi njengempahla edayiswayo e-Benin nakuyo yonke iNtshonalanga Afrika.47 Ngaphansi kwale migomo ehlongozwayo, isikhungo sizophinde sivumele amaqembu aseShayina ukuthi ahlinzeke “ezinye izinsizakalo zezohwebo,” ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi yiziphi.48
Ezinye izinhlinzeko zohlaka lokuqala nazo beziyingxenye eyodwa.Uhlaka luhlongoza, ngaphandle kokucacisa incazelo yenhlinzeko, ukuthi ababambiqhaza e-Benin abavunyelwe ukuthatha “noma yiziphi izinyathelo zokucwasa iSikhungo”, kodwa izinhlinzeko zayo zibonakala zivumela ukuqonda okukhulu, okungukuthi “ngezinga elikhulu ngangokunokwenzeka”.Zama ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi kubahlali bendawo eBenin, kodwa awuzange unikeze imininingwane yokuthi lokhu kwakuzokwenziwa kanjani.49
I-China Contracting Parties nayo yenze izidingo ezithile zokukhululwa.Isigaba sidinga ukuthi “IQembu laseBenin ngeke livumele noma yiliphi elinye iqembu lezombusazwe laseShayina noma izwe elingaphansi kwesifunda (eNtshonalanga Afrika) ukuthi lisungule isikhungo esifanayo edolobheni laseCotonou iminyaka engu-30 kusukela ngosuku isikhungo esaqala ngalo ukusebenza.“I-50 iqukethe amagama asolisayo agqamisa indlela izingxoxo zaseChina ezizama ngayo ukuvimba ukuncintisana kwabanye abadlali bangaphandle nabanye baseChina.Okuhlukile okunjalo kubonisa indlela izinkampani zezifundazwe zaseShayina ezizama ngayo ukuncintisana nezinye izinkampani, kuhlanganise nezinye izinkampani zaseShayina51, ngokuthola ibhizinisi elikhethekile, elikhethekile.
Njengezimo zokwakhiwa nokusebenza kweSikhungo, izimo eziphathelene nokudluliswa okungenzeka kwephrojekthi kulawulwe yi-Benin zidinga ukuthi i-Benin ithwale zonke izindleko nezindleko ezihlobene, okuhlanganisa izimali zabameli nezinye izindleko.52
Inkontileka esalungiswa ihlanganisa nezigaba ezimbalwa eziphakanyiswe yi-China mayelana neziphakamiso zokwelashwa okukhethekile.Ilungiselelo elilodwa, ngokwesibonelo, lalifuna ukuvikela indawo emaphethelweni e-Cotonou, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Gboje, ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zezinkampani zase-China ezihambisana nenxanxathela yezitolo ukuze zigcine izimpahla.53 Abaxoxisana baseShayina baphinde bafuna ukuthi abaqhubi baseShayina bavunyelwe.54 Uma abaxoxisana baseBenine besamukela lesi sigatshana bese beshintsha umqondo wabo, iBenin izophoqeleka ukuthi inxephezele amaShayina ngokulahlekelwa.
Phakathi kwezindleko nezinzuzo ezinikezwayo, abaxoxisana nabo baseShayina bafuna nemibandela ethambile kunaleyo evunyelwe umthetho kazwelonke waseBenin, befuna imvume yezimoto, ukuqeqeshwa, izigxivizo zokubhalisa, izimali zokuphatha nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe, kanye namaholo aseBenin.Abasebenzi baseShayina nabasebenza esikhungweni samabhizinisi.55 Abaxoxisana baseShayina baphinde bafuna ukukhululwa enteleni enzuzweni yezinkampani zaseShayina ezisebenza kulesi sikhungo, kuze kufike ophahleni olungashiwongo, izinto zokunakekela nokulungiswa kwalesi sikhungo, kanye nemikhankaso yokukhangisa nokukhangisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe imisebenzi yalesi sikhungo.56
Njengoba le mininingwane ibonisa, abaxoxisana baseShayina benza izimfuno eziningi, ngokuvamile ngamagama angacacile kahle, okuhloswe ngawo ukukhulisa isikhundla sabo sokuxoxisana.
Ngemva kokuthola izinkontileka ezisalungiswa kozakwabo baseShayina, abaxoxisana baseBenin baphinde baqala ucwaningo olunzulu nolusebenzayo olubandakanya ababambiqhaza abaningi, oluholele ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile.Ngo-2006, kwanqunywa ukuthi kuqokwe iminyango ethile emele uhulumeni wase-Benin ukuthi ibuyekeze futhi ichibiyele izinkontileka zengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni futhi ibuyekeze imigomo yalezo zivumelwano ngokubambisana nezinye izinkonzo ezifanele.57 Kule nkontileka, umkhakha we-Benin obambe iqhaza oyinhloko uMnyango Wezemvelo, Indawo yokuhlala kanye Nokuhlelwa Kwezindawo zasemadolobheni njengendawo okugxilwe kuyo yokubuyekeza izinkontileka nezinye izinkonzo.
NgoNdasa wezi-2006, uMnyango wahlela umhlangano wokuxoxisana e-Lokossa, wamema inqwaba yongqongqoshe58 ukuthi babuyekeze futhi baxoxe ngalo msebenzi, okuhlanganisa uMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni, uMnyango Wezabasebenzi Nezinsizakalo Zezenhlalakahle, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa Nomthetho, I-General Directorate of Economics and Finance, izibopho zesabelomali I-Directorate General kanye noMnyango Wezangaphakathi Nokuvikeleka Komphakathi.59 Ngokucabangela ukuthi umthetho osalungiswa ungase uthinte zonke izici zempilo yezomnotho nezombusazwe e-Benin (okuhlanganisa nezokwakha, indawo yebhizinisi kanye nentela, njll.), abameleli benkonzo ngayinye banethuba elisemthethweni lokubuyekeza izinhlinzeko ezithile ngokuvumelana nezinhlinzeko ezikhona. emikhakheni yabo ehlukene futhi bahlole ngokucophelela izinhlinzeko eziphakanyiswe yi-China Degree yokuhambisana nemithetho yendawo, amakhodi kanye nezindlela.
Lokhu kuhoxa e-Lokas kunikeza abaxoxisana baseBenin isikhathi nebanga ukusuka kozakwabo baseShayina, kanye nanoma iyiphi ingcindezi engaba ngaphansi kwayo.Abamele Ungqongqoshe WaseBeninese ababekhona emhlanganweni baphakamise izichibiyelo eziningi zenkontileka esalungiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imigomo yenkontileka ihambisana nemithetho nezindinganiso zaseBenin.Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bazo zonke lezi zinkonzo, esikhundleni sokuvumela i-ejensi eyodwa ukuthi ibuse futhi iyale, izikhulu zaseBenin zikwazile ukugcina ubuhlobo obumbene futhi zacindezela ozakwabo baseShayina ukuthi bazilungise ngokufanele emzuliswaneni olandelayo wezingxoxo.
Ngokusho kwabaxoxisana baseBeninese, umzuliswano olandelayo wezingxoxo nozakwabo baseShayina ngo-Ephreli 2006 wathatha "izinsuku nobusuku" ezintathu emuva naphambili.Abaxoxisana namaShayina abangama-60 bagcizelele ukuthi lesi sikhungo sibe inkundla yokuhweba.(hhayi nje kuphela izimpahla ezithengiswayo), kodwa uMnyango Wezimboni Nezohwebo waseBenin wakuphikisa lokhu futhi waphinda wathi akwamukelekile ngokomthetho.
Sekukonke, iqoqo lochwepheshe bakahulumeni bamazwe amaningi e-Benin lenze abaxoxisana nabo bakwazi ukuhambisa kozakwabo baseShayina isivumelwano esisha esisalungiswa esihambisana kakhulu nemithetho nemithetho yase-Benin.Ubumbano nokuxhumana kukahulumeni waseBenine sekwenze kwaba nzima imizamo yeShayina yokuhlukanisa kanye nokubusa ngokuxabanisa izingxenye zezikhulu zaseBenin, okuphoqa ozakwabo baseShayina ukuthi benze isivumelwano futhi bahambisane nemikhuba yasendaweni kanye nezinqubo zebhizinisi.Abaxoxisana baseBenin bajoyine izinto ezibalulekile kumongameli ukuze bajulise ubudlelwano bezomnotho beBenin neChina nokwenza kube semthethweni ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinkampani ezizimele zala mazwe womabili.Kodwa futhi bakwazile ukuvikela imakethe yendawo yaseBenin ezikhukhuleni zezimpahla zokudayisa zaseChina.Lokhu kubalulekile njengoba ukuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kwabakhiqizi basekhaya kanye nabaqhudelana nabo baseShayina sekuqalile ukugqugquzela ukuphikiswa kokuhwebelana neChina kubahwebi baseBeninese abasebenza ezimakethe ezinkulu ezifana neDuntop Market, enye yezimakethe ezivulekile ezinkulu zaseNtshonalanga Afrika.61
Ukuhlehla kuhlanganisa uhulumeni wase-Benin futhi kusiza izikhulu zase-Benin zithole isimo sokuxoxisana esivumelanayo okufanele i-China isilungise.Lezi zingxoxo zisiza ukukhombisa ukuthi izwe elincane lingaxoxisana kanjani namandla amakhulu njengeShayina uma zididiyelwe kahle futhi zibulawa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-18-2022